Trunk damage

Spherical or teardrop-shaped growths can be seen on the trees. It can be mushrooms, for example, chaga.

It can also be reactions to various diseases and injuries - caps and souvels.

Cap (kapokoren) is an outgrowth on a tree with deformed or chaotic directions of growth of wood fibers. It is usually found in the form of a rounded outgrowth on a trunk or branch, filled with numerous small woody nodules of dormant buds.

Growths occur on trees as a result of any sudden change in the development of the plant, which may have a natural or anthropogenic cause. Some of the caps grow underground, like tumors on the roots, and therefore cannot be detected before the tree dies. Such growths sometimes occur in the form of a group of round cone-shaped bulges connected by rope-like roots. Almost always the caps are covered with bark, even underground. The reason is the protection of the tree from insects and fungal diseases.

The cap has significantly (by 50... 70%) denser than the parent wood with a twisted, multidirectional structure of fibers, which in combination with a large number of the above-mentioned buds form an absolutely unique cut pattern.

On some types of trees, caps can reach significant sizes, for example, on trees of the genus Sequoia. The largest of the known caps was found in 1984 in a small town Tamworth in Australia on eucalyptus. It reached about 2 m in height and had a strange shape resembling a trombone.

Large caps are characteristic of Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica, Fisch ex Ledeb.) and walnut (Juglans regia, L.), they often reach a weight of 400 kg. The fluffy birch forms caps weighing up to 350 kg.

Suvel is the same influx of wood as the cap. But the nature of his appearance is different - not under the influence of fungus, but from injury.